General Motors and United Auto Workers Union Case Study

General Motors and United Auto Workers Union - Case Study Example Be that as it may, there is something else entirely to be done if GM is to stay away from chapter 11, or rise up out of a redesign procedure as a monetarily stable organization. This paper will analyze the choices that the UAW, GM, and their administration have, and cause suggestions concerning to dealing with the time-based compensation issues at GM. The UAW's time-based compensation is separated into three principle classifications and a few sub-classifications. As of December 2008, the all out remuneration was contained the time-based compensation of $30 every hour, premium installments of $10 every hour, and current and future advantages of $33 (Sherk). Premium installments incorporate additional time pay, move premiums, and get-away and occasion pay. Advantages incorporate wellbeing and disaster protection, handicap, joblessness advantages, and annuity installments. The wellbeing and retirement benefits paid to retirees is viewed as a current pay cost, and as per Sherk, Since there are more resigned than dynamic workers this causes it to create the impression that GM representatives gain undeniably more than they really do. Diminishing the hourly pay to the $50 objective will necessitate that GM and the UAW take a gander at all these regions with an end goal to discover cost sparing chances. A focal key to sparing work costs is diminishing the size of the workforce. At present GM has set up a 'buyout' program that remunerates the representative with up $45,000 money quickly (Bunkley 2). Consequently, the worker cuts off all binds with GM, and the expense of current and future advantages is decreased to zero. While the ongoing round of buyouts brought about 7500 specialists leaving GM, 14000 stay at GM who are qualified for the program. Be that as it may, GM ended the program toward the beginning of April 2009 and has made no arrangements to reestablish or proceed with it. The cash spared through the buyout program is basic since it spares in the present moment just as the drawn out future advantages, for example, medical coverage and retirement annuities. 66% of the qualified laborers declined the course of action, however GM could expand the motivating force with an end goal to build that number. Further deliberate decreases in the workforce will permit GM to rebuild its product offerings in a situation of higher efficiency with less representatives. The way that the workforce decreases are intentional keeps up great worker relations just as Union/Management collaboration. A GM that is decreased in size will permit them to concentrate on the product offerings that have the most potential for deals development. GM has made some master dynamic moves toward this path by declaring the end of 13 plants, eliminating the Pontiac brand, and eliminating 21,000 hourly positions (GM to Phase Out Pontiac Brand). Portage, who has decreased hourly remuneration to about $55 every hour has sought after a comparable system and said that the figure would keep on declining as more specialists took buyouts and as the new-vehicle advertise recouped, permitting expanded creation (Bunkley 2). An expansion of the buyout program by GM, an additional motivator for exploiting it, and the expanded profi tability would put GM comparable to Ford at $55 every hour. Further decrease in the time-based compensation could be practiced by more intently restricting the

Biocentric Ethics Essay

Biocentric Ethics Analysis There have been banters about GMO’s for a considerable length of time. While ranchers battle for their property and the duration to create, ranchers were given the choice to plant seeds that are hereditarily adjusted. The seeds thusly would develop more harvests and last more. The impulse on the ranchers to make adequate yields and attempt to assist world with wanting would cost more for them, yet it can likewise cause absence of trust between the providers and the purchasers that thus can prompt claims, also. Hereditarily designed tomatoes diminished the standard strategies used to prepare, make, and develop crops in 1986. The strategy made the tomatoes versatile to different herbicides. Ranchers began to utilize bacillus thuringiensis which is a creepy crawly executioner, in the plants. This didn't appear to concern the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or the Department of Agriculture (DOA) about the new innovation. In 1990 when â€Å"Forbes article â€Å"The Lesser o f Two Weevils† was discharged expressing â€Å"that cotton ranchers in the United States had put 100 million pounds of rural synthetic substances on their yield every year for the last a few years† (Newton, Dillingham, Choly, 2006) the media went bonkers over this data. This caused contention with the cultivators, merchants, and the media, contending whether the modified harvests will represent a danger to people and the biological system. Nations we not content with the lack of regard and treatment of the harvests from the United States. Especially, Germany didn't concur with the United States techniques. Different nations that didn't utilize the hereditarily changed technique detailed hints of the synthetic substances in their yields. This exchange for the most part occurs by the climate conditions. Changing of the seasons has numerous researchers accept the compound exchange through downpour and day off, through creepy crawlies, untamed life, and plants. At the point when man meddles we should think about of how the modified synthetic substances may travel and how it could be devoured by people. Additionally, the environment that incorporates the shoppers, the sun, and the decomposers gets delicate. At the point when man changesâ the DNA of plan ts it modifies Mother Nature work and the implications can be irreversible, however can take numerous years to find. Besides, there has been an expansion of heftiness that is supposed to be because of the alterations and hormones in the food. Individuals become baffled when there is a conversation of GMO’s and non-GMO’s attempting to comprehend the distinction and what can be protected. â€Å"The favored methodology of the business has been to utilize compositional examinations among GMO and non-GMO crops. At the point when they are not essentially unique the two are viewed as â€Å"substantially equivalent,† and, subsequently, the GMO food crop is viewed as sheltered as its customary partner (Arpad, 2001).† When hereditarily designed microbes was thought to upgrade the hormones in bovines and give expanded milk was asserted by Monsanto, the United Nations didn't concur and individuals started to think about whether the hereditarily altered nourishments was something worth being thankful for all things considered. Individuals focus on how much cash they will make, and will attempt any new innovation, instead of contemplate the perils these things may present. Stories appeared on TV and broadcast on the radio on what number of ranchers lost their homesteads because of absence of yields from dry spells, creepy crawlies, and no downpour, annihilating harvests. Numerous individuals indicated sympathy for these ranchers realizing how extreme they have it. There are tunes that w ere made e.g., Rain on a scarecrow, for these verifiable minutes and what our ancestors did so as to endure. There are a few preferences to call attention to that the underdeveloped nations have with the utilization of hereditarily adjusted nourishments, for example, the rice it could have more minerals and nutrients, which reduces supplement lacks. E.g., absence of nutrient A can cause visual deficiency. â€Å"Golden† rice containing a curiously high substance of beta-carotene (nutrient A) (Whitman, 2000)† was made by certain analysts at a foundation Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (SFIT) for plant sciences. The inconveniences of GMO’s are that there is no guideline to circulation. It's anything but a prerequisite to mark the nourishments, so how would we know what we are eating? Without marking or guidelines how would we know whether the food is alright for us to eat? This is the point at which we need to consider wellbeing concerns like hypersensitivities in light of the fact that hereditarily adjusted nourishments conceivably can cause unfavorably susceptible r esponses in a great many people. Out of the considerable number of debates on what might be correct or wrong, or what ought to be utilized on the harvests as well as seeds, there is as yet an inquiry, can the creepy crawlies land the on artificially adjusted plants, at that point travel to different plants dropping anyâ substances that would meddle with different plants that are not hereditarily altered? References Newton, Dillingham, Choly, Lisa H, Catherine K, Joanne (2006). Watersheds 4. Thompson Wadsworth. Whitman, Deborah B (2000). Hereditarily Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful?. Recovered from http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php Pusztai, Arpad (2001). Shortage of Safety tests. Recovered from Genetically Modified Foods: Are They a Risk to Human/Animal Health? Recovered from http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/pusztai.html

The role of Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Research Paper

The job of Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in expanding the social fairness in United States - Research Paper Example ons at last activated SNCC and SCLC to be at possibilities, the two foundations worked close to one another all through the underlying long periods of the social liberties action. Understudy Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), otherwise called (after 1969) Student National Coordinating Committee, United States political gathering that introduced a primary job in the social liberties activity during the 1960s. Begun as an interracial bunch empowering peacefulness, it actualized better militancy past due in the decade, reflecting countrywide trends in dark activism. 1 The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was set up in introductory 1960 in Raleigh2, North Carolina, to benefit as much as possible from the aftereffects of an ascent of protests in Southern school places, in which dark understudies dismissed down to go from feasting places wherein they were denied a vocation relying upon their ethnic gathering. This sort of peaceful dissent conveyed SNCC to across the country enthusiasm, hurling an extreme open light on white prejudice in the Southwest. In the numerous years following, SNCC fortified its undertakings in nearby local gathering and sponsored Freedom Drives in 1961, along with the March on Washington in 1963, and actuated for the Civil Rights Act (1964). In 1966, SNCC officially tossed its help behind the a lot more extensive dissent of the Vietnam Struggle. 3 As SNCC developed to turn into significantly progressively lively strategically, its kin went up against intensified antagonistic vibe. In response, SNCC relocated from a conviction of peacefulness to unquestionably one of better militancy after the mid-1960s, as a supporter of the prospering â€Å"black power† movement, a zone generally twentieth century dark patriotism. The progress was represented by Stokely Carmichael, who subbed John Lewis as SNCC president in 1966â€67. Albeit many beginning SNCC members were white, the freshly discovered spotlight on African American distinguishing proof brought about bigger racial dissent, which scared pieces of the white neighborhood network. Increasingly extreme parts of SNCC, for instance,

A Critique on Sharon Beatty’s Essay Free Essays

In her article, Sharon Beatty gives valuable bits of knowledge to the exposition manager just as the doctoral understudy concerning the idea of the boss understudy relationship, the paper procedure, and early profession improvement in distributing. The points examined in the said paper incorporates: (1) groundwork for the thesis in the American Education System; (2) Getting started; (3) phases of research; (4) management during the procedure; (5) the investigation and getting conclusion; (6) moving exposition to diary articles; (7) managing the accommodation and survey procedure; and (8) the following stage. In the presentation, Beatty noticed that the paper procedure can be charming when all the fixings are available and all methods are followed perfectly. We will compose a custom paper test on A Critique on Sharon Beatty’s Essay or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now She focuses on the requirement for an uplifting mentality while experiencing the paper procedure and she shares her perspectives on this issue dependent on the encounters she has picked up as a part goodness at any rate 14 doctoral theses on showcasing. As an investigate, I would need to state that Beatty secured the parts of composing papers quite well. Extraordinary notice ought to be made to the way that Beatty granted valuable and intriguing exhortation concerning how the connection between doctoral managers and understudies can develop and develop all the while. Obviously, the boss and the understudies should bridle a cooperative relationship en route to guarantee the accomplishment of the thesis. Step by step instructions to refer to A Critique on Sharon Beatty’s Essay, Essays

Teen Pregnancy Essay -- Teenage Mothers

     In the US, youngster pregnancy rates have been diminishing in the most recent decade despite the fact that present rates remain twice as high as those found in other industrialized countries (Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1994). Notwithstanding diminishing rates, among African American youngsters, the pregnancy rate is especially high. In 1996, the pregnancy rate was 178.9 per thousand among African-American females matured 15 to 19 years, contrasted and a pregnancy pace of 82.6 among whites (Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1999). Moreover, based on the discoveries of the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, it was resolved that African American females (48%) matured 15 to 17 were more probable than their white (34%) partners to have had sex since menarche. Based on data give by the National Center to Health Statistics (1997), African-American females matured 15 to 19 were almost certain than their white companions to have had their first s exual experience (i.e., intercourse) without utilizing successful contraception (24% versus 14%, individually). Subsequently, based on such hazardous conduct, African American young people are at more serious hazard than their white companions for encountering a pregnancy. pregnant, particularly on the off chance that it was with the infant's dad. A finished up by Harris, the majority of the moms accepted that sex was a conduct they were going to keep on taking part in, paying little heed to risk of malady or pregnancy. When contrasted with the pre-adult dads taking part in the investigation, Harris announced that the vast majority of the dads demonstrated that they were currently captivating in secured sex.      Environmental Influences      As many have proposed, while commitment in unprotected sex at an early age places young people in danger for pregnancy, there are various different elements that impact African American teenager pregnancy rates. As indicated by Dervarics (2004), African American teenager moms and fathers are frequently spoken to among the rising number of minority "disconnected" youth in the US. This gathering is contained youngsters ages 16 to 19 who are both out of school and jobless. Dervarics detailed that almost A fourth of African Americans ages 18 to 19 falls into the detached class. As an outcome of being detached, as clarified by the creator, African Amer... ...with destitution. It is these issues that consideration must be guided towards so as to decrease high schooler pregnancy rates. References Alan Guttmacher Institute. (1994). Sex and America's youngsters. NY: The Alan      Guttmacher Institute. Alan Guttmacher Institute. (1999). Young pregnancy: Overall patterns and state-by-state      information. NY: The Alan Guttmacher Institute. Dervarics, C. (2005). Minorities overrepresented among America's 'disengaged' youth.      Population Reference Bureau. Discovered online at:      http://www.prb.org/Template.cfm?Section=PRB&template=/ContentManagement     /ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=11335 Lardner, J. (2005). Arline Geronimus on teenager parenthood. Inequality.Org. Discovered online      at: http://www.inequality.org/teenparenthood.html National Center for Health Statistics. (1997). Richness, family arranging, and ladies'      health: New information from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Hyattsville,      MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

CPW Saturday

CPW Saturday Spring has sprung at MIT, with flowers in bloom across campus The awesome folks at the East Campus dormitory built a giant hammock (!) stretching between the two parallel buildings. In this photo, you can see the top of a lounging students head. A touch football game broke out on Kresge Oval. Meanwhile, on Briggs Field, the Varsity Baseball team was getting ready to play (and sweep) the Coast Guard Academy in an afternoon doubleheader. Inside the Stata Center, the parents attended a panel on student housing and the students attended their own panel on housing. Afterwards, some students stuck around to ask more questions of MIT student panelists Jessie (green hair) and Kelsey (blue hair). The housing panels gave way to several brunches hosted by the faculty housemasters. This brunch was hosted by MIT History faculty member and Burton-Connor Cousemaster Merritt Roe Smith. After the brunches, all of the dorms provided house tours, including McCormick Hall. Another tour guide shows some families around campus. There were also a number of religious events on Saturday and throughout the weekend. MITs Christian groups held a panel on Saturday afternoon, which included a performance by the Cross Products. I also went to see the sand mandala, sponsored by the MIT Buddhist Community. When I visited the sand mandala, this monk was singing a beautiful prayer. Saturday evening featured some fun events, including the annual Battle of the Bands. Here, Huanan and Bryan sport their BotB shirts, so stylish that Ben had to buy one. We saw some pretty awesome bands, including the winning band Polski Fiat. Next entry: photos from the Meet the Bloggers party.

A Case Study Assignment on Arcese Group of Companies - 1925 Words

A Case Study Assignment on Arcese Group of Companies (Term Paper Sample) Content: A Case Study on Arcese Group of CompaniesBy (Name)CourseProfessorInstitutional AffiliationCity + StateDateTable of contentsIntroduction.1Marketing.2Finance..3Operations..4Organisations performance5Speed..6Quality.7Dependability...8Location9Methods10Factors11Recommendations. 12Conclusion...13Arcese Group Company AnalysisIntroductionArcese Group is a global logistics group of companies based in Italy and Europe in general. The arcese group has a rich strategic portfolio that earns its competitive advantage. Arcese was born back in 1966 as a mere transport company before it was expanded into three major logistics companies specialising in different wings. Arcese group is comprised of three major companies: SEL, Arcese, and Ventana Serra. The primarily mentioned specialises in the line of sports and events logistics. The company has enjoyed over 20 years of prowess in logistics of sports leagues like MotoGP, Motocross, Superbike, Rally, the Sail to the Bob and Skelton. A part from that, SEL has extended its expertise handling huge promotional events, gatherings, awards for sports federations, teams or sponsors.Secondly, the Arcese company is a dependent logistics organisation that handles all the cross-functional activities involve in the supply chain of products, ranging from transit on roads, rails, sea shipping to developed levels of logistics. The arcese company integrates its services around all consumer sizes. Ventana Serra is the third company of the Arcese group and it deals with sea and shipments. It is rated among the best air service providers in the world. Ventana Serra has networked with big sea and air transporters globally, a feature that enables the company to comply with demands of any volumes and delivery periods across the world CITATION Cha05 \l 1033 (Jacobs, 2005)Arcese group lies in the category of the service industry, particularly in the line of logistics despite some of its companies (SEL) being engaged in other sports acti vities. Otherwise unlike, in the manufacturing industry these companies specialise in the provision of intangible products and services to the customer. They are majorly involved in the transportation of physical products among other supply chain management activities CITATION Mcg03 \l 1033 (Render, 2003)MarketingThe Arcese group is a popular Italian logistics organisation. Logistics is a part of supply chain management that deals with the management of the inventory in the warehouse and the process of delivering it to the consumers. Any logistics company can have these performance objectives: Market positioning and customer satisfaction, industry awareness, costs, and a progressive improvement CITATION Lys02 \l 1033 (Gillingham, 2002)In the world market, a company dealing in any operation needs to be limited to a certain niche despite the urge to drive huge traffic for its services. This does not have an implication that the company will scale down its sales volume, rather it is a better chance of building a superior portfolio in a small niche and thus gaining a competitive advantage over the competitors in the market. Though Arcese group is a reputable worldwide organisation, it has mastered the art of market segmentation and niche marketing. As seen before, the group is comprised of three companies each performing its defined role in the logistics services. Over the years this group has taken an initiative to gauge the trends in the transport sectors and made a critical decision on the areas to major in. To begin with undifferentiated marketing strategy, the Arcese company itself deals in the supply chain management of a variety of products. This means that based on the service delivery the mother company has no specific target group in the transit market. However, we can deduce that the company has embraced differentiation strategy of its services on basis of its location. Arcese company has centred most of its operations around Italy and Europe at large CITATION Hil05 \l 1033 (Hill, 2005)Secondly, the group management has differentiated the market and specialised in sports and events logistics. The SEL group has specialised in this field and now is responsible for its prowess in the service delivery for over two decades.In the case of Ventana Serra, the company responsible for shipments by sea and air, we can deduce the market segmentation has been done on the basis of the nature of the product, in terms of perishability, bulkiness, valuable goods, and urgency. Big manufacturing companies or manufacturers website such as the Chinese AliExpress, and Alibaba deal with a wide range of product categories and depending on the aforementioned product features, the manufacturers are likely to go looking for either sea or air transport for shipment. Therefore, Arcese group integrated Ventana Serra company for such activity to have a huge control over the competitors in the market.FinanceMany logistics companies are striving with the marke t dynamics that are causing rise operation costs. Finance management policies are thus key to this. The Arcese group has employed a finance strategy of deploying costly technological tools, sourcing for business re-engineering expertise, and deploying exotic analytics frameworks. With these, the company is able to manoeuvre the transportation market at a greater competitive edge than its substitutes.The Arcese group has achieved this by proper resource allocation, deployment of sophisticated IT tools to eliminate the cash leakages.OperationsDespite being a logistics cartel, the Arcese group of companies also deals with the entire process of supply chain management. It has centralised its administrative activities in Italy since its major market area served is in the Europe. However, SEL has decentralised its operations and recently set up a subsidiary in Mexico to access a large market in that region. The sports and events company has done this strategic location to source external market from Europe.PerformanceFirstly, the logistics organisation should have a reputable image to its customers. This means that for such an organisation to create and uphold a good performance, it should also be a credible company with customer trust.Secondly, under the performance objective is industry awareness. This is the most integral part that defines the success of the logistics company. Unlike most business operations logistics involves more activities that just the management of inventory as it is perceived to be. For instance, Arcese groups prowess has been credited to its comprehensive track to global market trends, a good sales strategy and proper understanding of economic dynamics across the world. A good example is the SEL company of the Arcese group. It has identified its potential in the provision of its services in sports and events logistics solely and discerned a number of tricks and market structures in that field. Another rapidly growing feature in the marke t trends is the e-commerce ...

Effects of The Yazoo Land Sale Scandal - 862 Words

The American Revolution marked the beginning of a new era for the colonies. The newly established states were met with a set of unique challenges. One of the challenges Georgia encountered was settling an international land dispute with Spain. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the Revolutionary War and Spain was given back their Florida territory. However, Spain had also asserted ownership of land east of the Mississippi and North of the Yazoo River which Georgia had also claimed. Georgia was left to settle this international land dispute on their own. Georgia’ solution to this land dispute was to settle the Yazoo Lands. Georgia legislatures needed to ensure that they could quickly settle these lands and began taking offers from land speculators. However, the process by which these land speculating companies would acquire these lands would ultimately have a significant impact on the state of Georgia. The Yazoo Land Sale Scandal had many effects, yet one of the most s ignificant events to indirectly come from this scandal would be the Trail of Tears (NGE: Yazoo Land Fraud). The most important themes and trends in Georgia’s history from the end of the American Revolution through the late 1830s are symbolized by the Yazoo Sale, its origin, and its aftermath. The first attempt to sell the Yazoo land was when three companies offered to purchase lands from Georgia legislators. The deal created between Georgia legislations and the companies was that it was not requiredShow MoreRelatedYazoo Land Sale Scandal in Georgia1060 Words   |  4 Pageslarge acreages of land, which would quickly replace the small farms in Georgia. Then in 1783, the Treaty of Paris had formally ended the American Revolution. Although the war had ended, the nation was still troubled with various issues. The state of Georgia would see shortly after the Revolutionary War that although the Treaty of Paris had given the Floridian territory back to Spain, they were to be left to settle an international dispute once Spain asserted their ownership of land east of the Mississippi

Prepare for Sbi Po Exam 2013 in 60 Days - 3531 Words

SBI PO Exam Preparation - 60 days Plan By Varun Reddy @ www.BankExamsIndia.com [Get ready to crack the probationary officer exam in State bank of India with the help of very detailed, topic wise, chapter wise materials prepared by a young aspirant.] 2 SBI PO Preparation Plan (60 days) by Varun reddy | Published @ http://www.BankExamsIndia.com Materials Required for SBI PO exam preparations: The plan has been prepared by taking into considerations the chapters present in the books given below. You may also refer similar books but whether it would cover the chapters in-depth or not is unknown.(These books are available online as well whose links are given below) REASONING: Magical book series ANALYTICAL REASONING by M.k pandey –†¦show more content†¦Non Verbal reasoning-series: 5 figure series. Number system. Vocabulary (Norman Pratiyogita DarpanLewis: word power Nov2012 issue: Current made easy) affairs. Revision (1-5). Grammar (By Wren and martin) - Parts of speech: Articles. Number system. Vocabulary (Norman Pratiyogita DarpanLewis: word power Dec2012 issue: News made easy) and events. Revision (1-5). Grammar (By Wren and martin) - Parts of speech: Articles. Number system. Vocabulary (Norman Pratiyogita DarpanLewis: word power Dec2012 issue: Current made easy) affairs. Comprehensive test 1. Grammar (By Wren and martin) - Parts of speech: pronouns. Vocabulary (Norman Pratiyogita DarpanLewis: word power Jan2013 issue: News made easy) - 6 Talk and events. about Actions. Grammar (By Wren and martin) - Parts of speech: Pronouns. Ratio and proportion. Ratio and proportion. Vocabulary (Norman Pratiyogita DarpanLewis: word power Jan2013 issue: Current made easy) - 7 affairs. Talk about various Speech habits. Grammar (By Wren and martin) - Parts of speech: verbs. 5 11 SBI PO Preparation Plan (60 days) by Varun reddy | Published @ http://www.BankExamsIndia.com 12 13 Verbal reasoningproblem solving: Practice book previous problems. Non Verbal reasoning-series: 5 figure series. Verbal reasoningproblem solving: Practice book previous problems. Non Verbal reasoning-series: 5 figure series. Verbal reasoningCoded relationships. Non Verbal reasoning-series: 5 figure series. VerbalShow MoreRelatedRobindra Rachana Bangalir Janmagata Adhikar2164 Words   |  9 Pageswordpress.com , www.AllCurrentAffairs.tk www.BharatNewsPortal.blogspot.com , www.IBPSExamination.blogspot.com Current affairs 2012 for All Competitive exams | Current Affairs July 2012 quiz | gk questions | current affairs for civil services|General knowledge| IBPS | SBI | Bank po|RRB|SSC|State PSC|MBA Entrence|Railway exams. So enjoy reading†¦? :) 1. Wrestler-actor who died recently at the age of 84 ? Rustam-E-Hind Dara Singh Read More 2. How is Oscar Pistorius

Compare, Contrast and Evaluate the Sociological...

The role of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare and qualify them for work in the economy as well as helping to integrate individuals into society and teach them the norms, values and morals of society. Yet there are three sociological theories that differ greatly between them on the role of education. These are Functionalism, Marxism and Liberalism. Functionalists view the role of education as a means of socialising individuals and to integrate society, to keep society running smoothly and remain stable. Emile Durkheim, creator of the Organic Analogy, was a functionalist during the 1870 s. Durkheim believes that society can only survive if its members are committed to common social values and that†¦show more content†¦Liberalism is unlike either of the other views; it contrasts sharply with the individual Marxists and Functionalists views on the role of education. The liberal view of education rests on the assumption that individuals should be free to determine their own destiny. Liberalism concentrates on the individual rather than society as a whole and that education should consider individual strengths not impose the same curriculum on everyone and presume that it would be suitable; education should bring out a persons strengths. Ivan Illich, writer of ‘Be-schooling Society (1971) says that formal schooling is failing most children and that schools over concentrate on paper qualifications, which do little or nothing in themselves. He also suggests that formal curriculum s should be abolished and set lessons made non-compulsory and that education should find children s strengths, not impose vague notions on what the government wants. Illich also suggests that the school indoctrinates pupils through the hidden curriculum and cares more about control of the pupils then their actual learning. An application of the liberal view to education was the fee-paying school created by A. S. Neill, headmaster of Summerhill School in theShow MoreRelated Compare, Contrast and Evaluate the Sociological Perspectives on the Ro1259 Words   |  6 Pagesrole of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare and qualify them for work in the economy as well as helping to integrate individuals into society and teach them the norms, values and morals of society. Yet there are three sociologic al theories that differ greatly between them on the role of education. These are Functionalism, Marxism and Liberalism. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Functionalists view the role of education as a means of socialising individuals and to integrateRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 Pagespermission to use copyright material: Crown copyright  © material is reproduced under Class Licence No. CO1 W 0000195 with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland; Guardian News and Media Ltd for extracts from Ros Taylor, ‘Classes in non-traditional family life proposed by government’, The Guardian, 12.05.00. Copyright  © Guardian News Media Ltd 2000; Will Woodward, ‘Testing †¦ testing †¦ testing’, The Guardian 20.05.00. Copyright  © Guardian News Media LtdRead MoreOperational Management36687 Words   |  147 Pagesoutput is bread which equals 10 000 loaves And our input is man hours which is 500 workers x 8 hours per day = 4000 man hours So if you calculate 10 000 4 000 the answer is = 2.5 This means nothing at this stage, unless you have something to compare it with e.g. Bakers Bread plans to produce 12 500 loaves of bread per day using 480 workers each working 8 hours per day. Therefore the Plan Productivity is 12 500 3840 = 3.26 Actual versus plan = 2.5 3.26 x 100 1 = 76.6 % Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesstrength of customer spending, especially when times are tight. Study of the current economy indicates that when today’s consumer is completely satisfied with his or her product or service purchase, he or she tells six other potential buyers. In contrast, a dissatisfied consumer informs 25 other potential buyers. That is the leverage of quality in shaping consumer sentiment, which is vital in powering the two-thirds of the American economy that is consumer-driven. Therefore, as companies again go

Child Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children - 1373 Words

Memory is the blueprint of an individual’s development and growth. Repeated experiences of things taken granted – such as learning to walk and learning to speak and write to express oneself – become encoded to ensure a smooth flow of information that help us adapt to the environment. However, children’s exposure to environmental stressors, depending on the exposure frequency and intensity, may impair the normal development of memory in children. This paper will evaluate the role of child maltreatment (physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, and neglect) in the changes of memory function. We will first explore maltreatment’s effect on the physiological changes that occur in the primary brain structures that are involved in the development and functions of memory. Next, we will examine the differences in memory among maltreated and non-maltreated children in various types of memory, including working memory, autobiographical memory, and episodic memory . Finally, we will discuss possible treatments that exist to improve the memory functioning of child survivors of maltreatment. The threatening and stressful nature of maltreatment during childhood alters the physiological makeup in the brain, particularly the neural mechanisms related to memory processing and storage (Cicchetti, Rogosch, Howe, Toth, 2010). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016) define child maltreatment as an act or series of acts by a primary caregiver that results in harm to a child, and itShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Child Maltreatment On Children1582 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative effects that child maltreatment has on a child throughout their childhood and their life. Child maltreatment is defined as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2007). Child maltreatment includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, as well as neglect and failure to supervise (Franks, Miller, Schelble, 2010). Children who areRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pages Child Maltreatment Faith A. Hopper Columbia College HUMS 390 Child Maltreatment In the beginning of this course, maltreatment meant getting hit in areas of your body besides your buttocks. But as this class progressed through this class it gets much deeper than that. According to the New York Office of Child and Family Services, maltreatment is defined as the quality of care a child is receiving from those responsible for him/her. When a parent or individual who is legally responsibleRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children3861 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Of all the reported American child maltreatment in 2013, 79.5% of victims experienced neglect, more than four times the victims that were physically abused (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013). Neglect is one of the most common forms of child maltreatment and public awareness of this problem was raised in the 1960s by the work of C. Henry Page 1 of 1Kempe which described the battered-child syndrome. It was only then that child maltreatment was regarded as a serious social problemRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children2157 Words   |  9 PagesChild Maltreatment Maltreatment is a sever form of parental abuse that could really take a toll on a developing child. Children should be treated with the utmost care because they are developing and growing physically, physiologically, and emotionally everyday for starters. It has always been a known staple that children need to get enough sleep, eat their vegetables, along with a healthy diet, and follow and healthy regimen in order to reach full healthy potential. Malnourishment effectsRead MoreEffects Of Child Maltreatment On Children859 Words   |  4 PagesConsequences of Child Maltreatment The maltreatment of children within the United States is an unfortunate but evident issue that presents some very detrimental consequences for the victims. Victims of child maltreatment typically suffer from both short-term and long-term consequences, resulting from the negligence of their parents. Across the nation techniques and measures have been taken in order to prevent the advancement of child abuse within high-risk homes, although despite these efforts sometimesRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effect On Children Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesthere is a high chance that we will read another horror story about a maltreated child. It seems as long as bad people are in this world, abuse and neglect will always exist. While statistics show that maltreatment cases have decreased, we wonder if that really is the case. Many people feel that both the police and programs created to protect children have failed. Although, we might not be able to stop maltreatment altogether, there is still room for improvement to prevent it with education and enforcingRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesChild maltreatment is an issue that most social workers will face throughout their career. Although there are many causes to a child being neglected, sexually or physically abused; studies have shown that poverty is in many cases linked to child maltreatment. There are currently 488 counties in America where twenty percent of the population has lived below the poverty line for the past thirty years or more (Clyburn, 2014). Studies have shown that poverty is linked to child abuse and neglect. WithRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children1640 Words   |  7 Pagestragic than others and starts earlier than others. Children in particular are vulnerable to these tragic events because they are unable to properly defend themselves, depending on their size and communication ability. Child abuse and neglect are problems that are happening to children all across the world. David Pelzer, author of the autobiographic book A Child Called It, was an American child who experienced child abuse and is still feelings its effects to this very day. His mother committed audaciousRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children2029 Words   |  9 Pages Abstract Child Abuse and Neglect continue to be a serious pediatric and social threat to the nation’s children. Child maltreatment is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse may be the most noticeable, other types of abuse, such as emotional and sexual abuses, leave deep, lasting scars. Child Maltreatment includes significant negative experiences with long-lasting effects. These childhood experiences cause detrimental, long lasting effects during cognitive, behavioral, and emotionalRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children With Disabilities981 Words   |  4 PagesChild Maltreatment Child maltreatment is implicated as a risk factor in many disorders, ranging from externalizing such as conduct disorder to internalizing such as anxiety or depression. In the text, they propose a question as to the timing of abuse. Does the abuse come as a reaction of the parents because the child is difficult to manage? Or does difficult behavior such result from the abuse? Research has shown that children that may be harder to manage such as disabilities are at higher risk

Eth-125 Week 9 Final Prject Free Essays

Individual Final Project: Kristopher Freitag Race and ethnicity and understanding its differences helped me achieve a certain amount of levity with the way I interact with others. America is extremely diverse, yet have an abundance of things in common. This is shown throughout history and right outside our doors, America, where our towns and cities are filled to the brim with personalities and of difference race and ethnicity share this culture that we call American society. We will write a custom essay sample on Eth-125 Week 9 Final Prject or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have learned to put a haul to being short sited and while I learned little about my own cultural history, the most important thing is to ensure you do not ignore it. Too many people have prejudged notions and are set in their own cultural history and views, but once one looks into it, there are vastly more things one has not realized and learned. It’s hard to believe going in to the class that you would be so naive and ignorant to realize how close we are to one another, and how our struggles of differences have brought us closer together. For myself a Caucasian male, there is little to learn about my ethnicity, however as my wife is Hispanic we have grown closer as I have learned more from her and her â€Å"peeps† as she calls them, than most will ever realize. Learning about your own cultural can be beneficial, however I see more benefit in knowing another’s, this in turn shows a level of respect for their own history and not a complete overlook of any walks of life they may have come from. The trends in immigration in the United States are very predictable and continue to grow exponentially. Immigration growth is expected to remain high within the United States, as people love this country of ours, and will continue to move here because of its values and most important of all, its freedom. Yes, America is not perfect, but it is considered the mother country and I don’t think that reputation is going away soon. People must prepare for the continuing growth of immigration by integrating language, culture, and other small differences into our society. This is included in our schools, businesses, television, newspapers, and other outlets. For example, there should be language translations on bus stop signs or restaurant menus, etc. The high note of this exchange of culture will be the limited about of prejudice one can claim against â€Å"the white man† as in essence will become the minorities. Ironically, I see this as a good thing, America was founded on immigrants, I see an equal parts share the most compelling idea. Having the freedom to chose your own path and religion in the United States is why we are the fastest growing nation, it is time we embraced our differences and allow them to create a new life for us. The challenge the United States faces because of its diversity are ever changing and ever growing conflicts within its very own borders. We all want something to enhance lives, some better pay, some more freedom, legalization, marriage, the diversity of the things we fight for are vast in and of themselves. As we move forward we will have to begin to negotiate with all of these conflict and make a peaceful resolution available to the people and their demands, otherwise we will plunge ourselves back down into a civil war, of which I am not interested in. The ironic side of this, is if we as a society, as a country, as one can stand up and say this will happen and this is how it will be, than we might just unify our differences and permits the first generation of Americans to be born into a country where we work together, not against one another. The different cultural backgrounds integrated into one community, the different experiences we may learn from each other, the possibilities are endless, but if we compare our society to those of old, the expansion of war introduced new cultures and knowledge, why cannot we do the same without the ar. By simply being civil and tolerant and respectful to one another and treating each other as we would want to be treated. I think rudeness is at all time high. I am reading a book The Civility Solution ; it has much superior info. I think if we educate ourselves on this subject ; share what we are learning it will spread quickly. I was in a restaurant this evening ; my waitress was at the table next to mine ; I heard her use the word CRAP. I couldn’t belief she said that, she did. What would make a person say that when she is talking to people about food. So raising consciousness is the way to go. I think experience is important when people learn from experience it is the best teacher. Many who live far out away from others are moving in to the more populated areas that will help. When you need help the person who helps is not in the body or from the geographical area you love you start loving them anyway. Inevitably media stereotypes are often utilized in order to provide for a specific effect, especially in the entertainment, advertising, and news industries, which need a wide curtain to attract as large an audience as possible to quickly interpret information. Stereotypes protracted in the media can have negative side effect and become problematic. They can reduce the vast range of cultural differences in people to overly simplistic categorizations and transforming assumptions about particular groups into â€Å"realities† are engaged to justify the position of those in charge and perpetuate social prejudice and inequality The cultural groups being stereotyped are not given any opportunity to influence how they are represented. This is common within the media, regardless of style, show or channel, stereotypes and some causes of stereotypical portrayals, include a lack of diversity behind the scenes. However the basis for this creation of appreciation induced by the media is not without saying, the focus aimed at minorities of all ethnicities, families, and the appreciation for freedom, this lack of anger that can be pushed into our televisions, movies, and commercials is a method of uniting Americans and their differences. Only through an acknowledgment of our differences will the prejudicial learning’s and educational services be made the misinformation to be openly discussed and approached with in a way which is likely to foster change. It is clear however, that if we can’t talk about these differences and problems in their portrayal, we surely can’t change it. Sigmund Freud, the famous Austrian physician changed the whole face of psychology in such a dramatic way by putting forward a theory of personality that stressed on the importance of the unconscious mind. The work he completed with patients suffering from mental disabilities like hysteria led him to theorize that our early childhood as well as our unconscious thoughts and actions contribute toward the development of our personalities and overall adult behavior. Changing an entire groups prejudiced attitudes, views and beliefs and an institution’s racist actions is not simply fixed overnight. Reducing our racial prejudice as a society and racism is a complex task that changes in notions from community to community, so it doesn’t offer a straight-forward approach, a step by step process that can be adopted and integrated without having a complete understanding of the environment and social context. This action would require knowing your community well and being able to choose a strategy that will best fit your own community’s needs, history, context, energies, and resources, as a one size fits all will not work in this matter. How to cite Eth-125 Week 9 Final Prject, Essay examples

Descriptive writing about plane flight free essay sample

After waiting many hours in the airport lobby, the plane finally was ready at gate 42. I took one last look at where I had been sitting for the past two hours. As I walked toward the plane, I thought about all the terrible things and accidents that I had been through at my summer trip. Shake once I boarded the plane and tuck myself comfortably in the seat, the plane took off and started the journey toward the blue sky when I heard a rumble under my feet. I didn’t worry as I thought that it was just the landing gear retracting back in the plane. But after sitting in my seat for another four long hours, I heard another rumble, and this rumble couldn’t be the landing gear. Suddenly the Sun was replaced by dark clouds and rain poured on the windows. â€Å"There is a thunderstorm happening and we’re in the middle of it, so please seat back in your seats and buckle up. We will write a custom essay sample on Descriptive writing about plane flight or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † said the captain. I thought there should be just some turbulence and an intensive atmosphere in the plane. But unexpectedly, the turbulence was so heavy that I was nearly pulled out of my seat. However, after a minute or two, the turbulence ended and the staff on the plane started bringing out food. My meal on the plane was a disaster. I was waiting for the first meal excitedly, though foods served on flights are usually low quality and tastelessness. But still they were the best way for me to escape the boredom. The temperature inside the plane was so low I believe that the airplane was adjusted to transport frozen meat across the pacific ocean, not human passengers. It was in the middle of summer so I didn’t have any warm clothes with me. I had asked the staff for a blanket and she explained that they ran out. Right after he was gone, the staff with a trolley started handing blue plastic tray. Each tray contained a covered plastic plate, a piece of bread, a yogurt cup and a bottle of water. I opened the lid of the plastic plate, enjoying its warmth. Then I took a look inside; it contained white rice and a kind of green mash. At least it didn’t look strange! Trying to figure out what it was, I started to investigate it with my spoon, while keeping my face above it to feel the  warmth. The hash seemed to be made of vegetables and there were small pieces of chicken and potato in it. Finally, I came to this conclusion that bearing with the temperature was easier than eating the food. At last, after seven hours sitting in the stiff chair on the plane, I have finally returned home, now sitting on my comfortable sofa enjoying a great meal with just the right temperature set on the AC and thinking about all the experience that I had been through in my summer trip journey.

Employee Engagement and Grievance Handling free essay sample

Title of the Project Employee Engagement and Grievance Handling Process Statement about the Problem This topic has been chosen because in every organization, employee engagement activities are conducted as employee  productivity  is clearly connected with employee engagement. It is a  business management  concept. An engaged employee is one who is fully involved in, and enthusiastic about his work, and thus will act in a way that furthers their  organizations interests. Thus, engagement is distinctively different from employee satisfaction, motivation and organizational culture.An integral part of employee engagement is a strong grievance handling mechanism. Objectives and Scope of Study a. Analyze the Employee Engagement activities that are being done at ‘Indigo’and the outcomes of these activities. b. Understand the process mapping for employee engagement. c. Techniques used for engaging employees in our organization d. Grievance handling process e. Introduction and types of grievances. f. Discuss the grievance handling process at organizational, process, project ; individual level g. We will write a custom essay sample on Employee Engagement and Grievance Handling or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Methods used in grievance handling h.Understand how Employee Engagement activities and Grievance Handling processes go hand in hand. Methodology Research methodology talks about data collection of the project work. The data collection as such is divided into: I. Primary Data a. Questionnaire survey b. Face-to-face discussion with existing employees who are there in the organization for more than six months or so. c. Discussion with Human Resource specialists. II. Secondary Data 1) Journals 2) Company records and reports 3) Internet Searches 4) External websites 5) On line survey conducted by company.

Tax Increment Financing Contrasting Effects Essays - Urban Planning

Tax Increment Financing: Contrasting Effects suburbanization in america Limmer (1) AHousing is an outward expression of the inner human nature; no society can be understood apart from the residences of its [emailprotected] That is a quote from the suburban historian Kenneth T. Jackson, from his magnificent piece on suburbanization Crabgrass Frontier. Suburbanization has been probably the most significant factor of change in U.S. cities over the last 50 years, and began 150 years ago. It represents Aa reliance upon the private automobile, upward mobility, the separation of the family into nuclear units, the widening division between work and leisure, and a tendency toward racial and economic [emailprotected] Overall it may represent the change in attitude of the American people. Suburbanization has been occurring for the last 150 years in this country and in Europe, although the Europeans haven=t had the change that the United States has witnessed. The causes of change on such a larger scale can be pointed at four aspects of metropolitan areas also pointe d out in Jackson=s work on suburbanization. The first on is that Americans have such low density residential areas, and often their is not a distinction between urban and rural. Our cities were laid out over space, with even New York City and Philadelphia not as densely populated as some cities in Europe. The next distinguishing factor is a want to own a home. At least two-thirds of all Americans own their own home, with rates less than half of that present in cities in Europe. Next, is the average length that American travel to work, also being much higher than in other countries. Finally, the last distinguishing factor is that social status and income correlate with suburbs, the further away from the central business district, the higher the income level. It is believed that the average income in cities goes up 8% every mile away from the CBD, with their being many exceptions. Such an economic shift is identified as being a result of Awhite [emailprotected], where the urban Limmer (2) whites fled to the suburbs after WWII, with the immigrants, blacks, and rural dwellers moving in. The economy switched from an industrial economy to a post-industrial or service economy, with the older factories being replaced by smaller factories (computers, airplanes, appliances), requiring higher skilled workers. In effect these new factories were located outside the city in the suburbs. The central city would be left with nothing, and virtually no opportunities of any magnitude. Detroit is a city that I believe can be identified as the city which went through the greatest amount of change, being heavily relied on one industry. During the first half of the twentieth century, Detroit was probably the most economically booming city in the United States. Since about 1950, Detroit has gone from Aarsenal of [emailprotected], having one of the fastest growing populations and was home to the highest paid working-class workers as well, to losing nearly 1 million people. Many jobs we re also lost with many business leaving the city of today empty and sometimes complete city blocks left completely empty. Detroit has also been home to a host of infrastructure woes, as can be reflected in many other cities in the Industrial Belt of the northeast with decaying roads, sewers, and other physical features. What could cause a city to go from such a center of economic activity to a decayed, depopulated, and unemployed? Where did all of the poor come from? Why has racism played such a powerful role in Detroit the last fifty years? What happened to all of the activity and where did it move to? First, I will discuss the period before the great suburbanization process began, to get an idea of what type of shape the city was in. Then I will discuss how Detroit and it=s central city suffered from the process of suburbanization, movement of center of economic activity into counties to the north like Oakland, Macomb, and Livingston. Suburbanization is a complex process with many components, however I have identified four physical things and one Limmer (3) psychological factor that changed American cities. The wave of technological innovation such as the automobile, changes in government policy which brought about the

Gods Attributes Essays - Conceptions Of God, God In Christianity

Gods Attributes Essays - Conceptions Of God, God In Christianity Gods Attributes According to Christianity, the attributes of God can be organized into two categories: Physical and ethical or moral. Some terms address Gods transcendence of physical ideology, others address Gods Devine intellect and will. There are a multitude of terms from which to choose when labeling the attributes of God. Therefore, this paper will only deal with the fundamental terms that are put forth by the sacred scriptures. God is, according to the Old and New Testaments: Omnipotent, eternal, Immense, Incomprehensible, and infinite in intellect and will The omnipotent characteristic of God is often referred to in the Bible. God is said to have all the power for the benefit of man . According the John, God said that men could have no power against him . Christians believe that god has the power to free people from the most trying circumstances and single handedly defeat great nations . God can, in the eyes of Christians, do anything. Numerous biblical personalities have said that God is eternal. The Lord is said to be and ever lasting father that will reign forever . God is said to be a king in an everlasting Kingdom . God has always been and always will be. He coexists with time; he does not exist in time. The Omni presence of God is one argument that is difficult to uphold; it is extremely reliant upon peoples interpretations of the most elementary Biblical passages. Most Christians will testify that God is always everywhere. There are no shortages of passages that say that Gods eyes are here and there, and that his eyes are everywhere . There are also several scriptures that say the Lords kingdom is in the heavens above and those who believe will be in his presence . However, as far as I can see, there are no passages that say that God is always everywhere . Is the Holy Trinity the Only way to support the Belief in the existence of an infinitely immense God? No. The Trinity is based on the idea that God can manifest himself through various mediums. Gods presence may be in burning bushes; it may be in the body of mortal beings such as Jesus of Nazareth. God could, according to the Trinity, be in many places at once, being in many beings . However, we will run into a problem when we use the Holy Trinity to explain the words that God said in Genesis 1:26. This passage proves, not that there is more than one god, but that there are two or more beings that are a part of one God. These beings, according to Genesis 1:26, share a common image. Most Christians who believe in the Holy Trinity believe in an omnipotent abstract God, the Holy Ghost or Spirit, and the Son who is, according to the Trinity, the manly manifestation of the omnipotent God. In the Bible it says that no man may see God and live to tell of it, so how could Jesus Disciples spr ead the good news and speak of Jesus and still manage to live? Furthermore, the Holy Spirit (Ghost) is a gift from God, not God himself. We cannot, with the Holy Trinity or any other ideology, explain the literally omnipresent God. However, if one believes that God spreads his seeds by giving the gift of life, than we can say that, in a sense, God is everywhere, because man is, in a sense, everywhere.

Applied Portfolio Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Applied Portfolio Management - Case Study Example It is very significant that no mistake is being made or else it can lead to important losses. Trading systems have several advantages and disadvantages. â€Å"The advantages of trading systems can be hidden when they become associated with trading platforms involving trade order submission and processing.   A clarification of their roles can help explain the benefits of using a trading system.   This can be done without identifying a particular platform or system. Once the platform infrastructure is isolated, a brief look can be taken at why a trader can benefit from a trading system† (Types of Trading System Resources, 2004, para. 4). A good trading system describes when trading must not be attempted, thus preventing forced trading under inconvenient circumstances. It should identify how to independently create a strong watch list of candidate trades to remove the need to chase after the newest hot tip from an advisor. For clear causes, trading systems have easy to use, t ake little of a trader’s time, completely objective and create consistent incomes. It also avoids big draw downs and provides clear trading marks. Once a trading system is reliable in use, extraordinary chances for setting and meeting realistic income goals become obtainable by using a model of accurate money management. A trading method is best learned from a master trader who remains actively busy in teaching. The master can teach the student tailor, the methods to his financial means, personality, skill level and risk tolerance. Another method is to merely read what has been written and adopt it to one’s personal circumstances. The benefit of rule based trading systems lies in its consistency and objectivity. When followed regularly, emotional trading and its connected mistakes are removed from the equation. As a saving, trading systems more than just paying for themselves, not only increases income but also the quantity of capital preserved. 1. Define the trading p lan and system, and must include the following: Trading plan and system can involve any stage of threat and achieve many different savings objectives. A Good trading plan will also give direction on stopping the losses. a. Setup Identification: Setup Identification is very important method of the trading system. There are a lot of actions that we cannot use to any "trading" amount as against "gambling" extent. In other words, if we put on the trade for the reason that you observe the setup, you are trading and if you just go for the action without seeing a setup, you are gambling. b. Trade Execution (entry and exit parameters, trade management). The execution of a command occurs when it is totally filled and not when it is located by the shareholder. When the shareholder places the trade, it goes to an agent who then decides the best method for it to be executed. Trade execution gives marketing and trading staff with tools to powerfully capture and verify financial and physical trad es for energy commodities. c. Position Sizing (money management and asset allocation). Position sizing is the very significant aspect of a trading system. A position sizing model simply tells how much or how big of a position is to be taken. It can be the key factor in deciding whether or not to stay in the game or whether the gains are huge or minimal. Position sizing is the significant method of Money management. Asset allocation is the most significant

Siebel Forced-Ranking System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Siebel Forced-Ranking System - Essay Example In a sense, force ranking is a more truthful way of implementing performance management. Managers are forced to differentiate talent and the process of forced ranking also forces managers to spot and champion talent. Since the forced-ranking system requires that criteria for ranking need to be set first and foremost, the system also provides information that conventional performance appraisal systems cannot. The deliberations among managers in determining criteria help them define and understand what are important for success of the organization. Subsequently, knowing the criteria that managers use to appraise performance increases the probability that employees will adjust their behavior in order to succeed. A forced-ranking system can also provide an independent verification of performance appraisal data. Significant variations in the talent data provided by the performance appraisal system and the data provided by the forced ranking process should be worth delving into. Better performing employees may be motivated by a forced-ranking system because they feel appreciated and not treated in the same way as underperformers. In terms of teamwork and collaboration, forced-ranking may also have a positive effect, because those who do not want to cooperate with the team or in a collaborative effort are eliminated. Organiz Organizations implementing forced-ranking may be attractive to high-quality job applicants who would see such a system as one where their contributions would be recognized and rewarded and would therefore be eager to work for the organization, thereby improving the overall quality of the applicant pool. Company investors may view a forced ranking system as management's commitment to accountability and to operations efficiency. Cons May be unfair to people performing at an acceptable level, with attendant legal repercussions in terms of human rights. May create an unhealthy star-cult culture. It may not possible to continually improve the overall potential of a workforce by removing the bottom dwellers and replacing them with better employees. As standards are raised, it would be more difficult to find applicants to replace those that have been removed. A job applicant who is aware that an employer uses a forced ranking system may feel that such a culture would be stressful or risky, and not consider the organization, causing the loss of high-potential applicants. Shareholders might not agree with a forced ranking system because of potential lawsuits or other negative consequences. Some companies using forced ranking have become embroiled in discrimination lawsuits brought by employees upset over dismissal or lower pay (Levinson, 2003). The system may create a dysfunctional, hypercompetitive work environment where employees refused to collaborate with one another, such as hoarding knowledge or hoarding customers,

Effects of the Spirit of Competition

Effects of the Spirit of Competition The spirit of competition is one of the underlying principles in any sporting event, be it one athlete against another, or team against team. The preconceived notion on the part of spectators as to which individual or team will prevail is the attraction and allure of a sporting event, in other words the degree of uncertainty concerning the outcome. By nature, human beings are curious, inquisitive, competitive and cooperative. The harsh conditions of survival that were a fact of life in the prehistoric era provide evidence of how we are bound together. Tribes grew as extensions of family units with the strongest individual rising to take charge over hunting and warding off rival family groups in order to secure the territories best suited to the continued survival of the group. As these tribal groups grew larger, either as a result of birth rates or conquest, the size of competitive conflicts grew as well. Tribal members trained to become better skilled in the use of weapons as well as their individual personal strength in order to prevail in these conflicts. The desire to secure better territories for hunting and survival fuelled further conflicts throughout this age as tribal societies continued to expand and grow. The Greek state of Sparta provides one of the best examples of society organized under the principles of domination through military means. Young Spartan males were removed from their households at the age of seven for mandatory military training which included instruction in the weapons of the day as well as a rigorous schedule of intense physical athletics. In essence, the female population of Sparta ran the economy overseeing slaves, managing the harvest of crops, and conducting commerce as Spartan males trained and served in the military with little to nothing to do concerning other affairs. Spartan training included participation in athletic contests such as gymnastics, running, swimming, throwing the discus and javelin to hone their minds and bodies for the military. Historically, athletic games were an inherent part of Greek religious festivals held at temples where the populace gathered to watch competitors as they honoured the gods. Greek mythology tells us that the Olympic Games started as a funeral feast to honor King Pelops who had prevailed in a chariot race held by KingOenimaus to select a mate for his daughter Hippodamia. The Games started in 776 B.C. and consisted of just a running event which later expanded to include the pentathlon, javelin, boxing, horse and chariot races, wrestling, discus and jumping. Winners of events were hailed as heroes with the commensurate stature and standing in Spartan society accompanying these triumphs. History reveals that the Roman Empire continued this tradition in the Coliseum pitting gladiators against gladiators, along with other spectacles to win the favour of the populace through state sponsored entertainment. The preceding historical summary has been undertaken to provide perspective on how athletics and then sporting events were an outgrowth of a quest for survival linked through physical terms and then as a part of religious celebration to honour deities. The festive mood of these events provided the opportunity to honour champions and also afforded its participants with a means to elevate their status in society as a result of winning. Spectators were entertained by events that consisted of a limited duration of time whereby the person who would prevail could be determined. The uncertainty as to the outcome provided the intrigue, drama and entertainment value. And therein lies the appeal of sports, not knowing the outcome until the event has run its course. Present day sporting events still hold the same basic appeals, competition, uncertainty, a specific time of duration and a festive atmosphere with one major distinction, they are big business. Multimillion dollar stadiums, government tax concessions, broadcast revenue agreements, licensing, merchandise marketing, product sponsorships and endorsements are a few of the financial components of this entertainment medium. English Football, like its American Cousin the National Football League (NFL), professional soccer, basketball, Formula 1, golf and all sports share one common trait – ‘The Outcome’. Fans attend games and events, watch them on television, wager on point spreads and place bets, as the ‘Outcome’ of the match-ups is the source of their interest. The uncertainty of the eventual winner creates acclimate of drama which fuels involvement on the part of fans. The more competitive the match-ups are, meaning the more uncertain the outcome, the more fans become interested in these matches and thus television viewer-ship and stadium attendance rises. The source of this interest is a result of these events and matches being limited by a defined period of time in which the ‘outcome’ takes place. In the world of business one measures winning and losing or in most cases their progress based to some degree upon what they earn or the promotions they receive. The time period and outcomes are less defined, as well as in most cases blurred in terms of what aspects or inputs resulted in said outcome. This segment of a person’s life is subject to a large percentage of undefined variables, events, causes, actions, reactions and so on, all of which tend to blur the factors which led to the outcome. And this also carries over to one’s personal life as well where the outcomes to varied events, such as marriage –children – a new home and more, are mostly a product of long periods of time in which discussions, decisions, modifications and changes in thinking are consistently working up to it (the outcome[s]). In the preceding examples, both business and personal, the eventual outcomes are spread over time periods that can encompass days, weeks, years or even decades. The need for an outcome that fits into a time period that is easily correlated explains why movies, music, videogames and sporting events hold the interest of the general public. The definable time period means that the uncertainty concerning the outcome will be revealed within that time span thus providing satisfaction. Heightened competition increases fan interest and when this is spread over the majority of teams participating in the sporting event, fan attendance and television viewer ship will increase throughout the season. The foregoing translates into revenue from gate receipts, increased broadcast contracts as a result of advertising rates, licensing, merchandise sales, endorsements, appearances and other income streams. This paper will examine the ‘effects of broadcasting revenue† on English football clubs as well as how this revenue is distributed, its effect on operations, the reliance on this income in budgetary terms, and alternative methods to distribute these funds on a more equitable basis. Chapter 1 – Introduction As is the case with any business enterprise, professional sports exist to derive a profit from operations. And those profits come as a result of the extent which a professional team captures the imagination of its fan base in the belief that said team has the opportunity to advance in the standings and onto to the championship final. While there are all manner and degrees of fans, ranging from the fanatic tithe â€Å"I only watch when they are winning†, professional sports organizations are identified with the city they reside, the charisma of its stars, the mystic of its heritage, and its recent public image. Because all but the most die-hard fans have short memories, the rest consist of those who jump on the bandwagon for a variety of reasons. Winning sports franchise provides national publicity for the city it resides in, generates revenues for the local economy from its fan base and those of the visiting team(s). The foregoing aids the municipality in promoting its own agenda(s), such as convention facilities, tourism, attractions, and the benefits of doing business in their cosmopolitan location. A sports franchise, more apropos a ‘successful’ sport franchise, provides a locale with publicity it could not otherwise obtain to generate additional business and the corresponding tax revenues from goods and services. But, a city is more than concrete, glass skyscrapers, taxicabs, buses and municipal services; it exists and prospers as a result of its people. As such a municipality has a vested interest in seeing to the well-being, morale and vitality of its populace by providing them with clean and safe streets, parks, adequate public transportation, progressive government, an excellent educational system, and something to rally their interest. Championships in British football have garnered world renown and recognition for teams such as Manchester United, Liverpool, Arsenal and Chelsea , providing them with media exposure and coverage these locales could not afford to purchase, including public relations stories they could not manufacture. One of England’s goodwill ambassadors David Beckham , even though he now plays for Real Madrid, is a global icon that fans and non-fans of the sport recognize and identify with and his British background. However, the lustre of English Football Clubs when considered as group, as lost some of its sheen as a result of second tier teams whom have yet to see championship status, operating deficits and the lack of structure that prompts overall competitiveness. The League is suffering from the same non-competitive problems that has befallen Formula 1 where Michael Schumacher and Ferrari have put the city of Mirabella, as well as Italy, back on the map by winning five Formula 1championships in a row (2000 through 2004), and his setting what most people believe will be an unbreakable record of seven world driver’s championships (two with the Benetton-Ford team). The success of the Ferrari Formula 1 team has caused the Formula One Administration, the sport’s governing body, to implement a third round of specification modifications to attempt to make the sport more competitive in the face of Ferrari’s dominance over the past five years. This period has seen a drop in viewers as a result of the lack of competitiveness. The same fate has befallen the English Football Clubs. The allure of sporting events is the uncertainty of the outcome. This creates the atmosphere of suspense, anticipation, drama and excitement as one watches the event unfold during the designated time period that determines the winner. These same ingredients are the backbone of all entertainment venues, be it the movies, music, a ride in an amusement park, or a television show, the elements are built upon these basic foundations (suspense, anticipation, drama and excitement). We are entertained as we are able to keep pace with the developments in a timeframe that does not bore us. This is why most entertainment venues, such as sports and movies, are approximately between two to three hours. As sporting events pit competitors directly against one another in a known format of rules and regulations, one simply has to watch and observe the nuances leading to the eventual outcome. The simplicity is the basis for its sophistication. Education, upbringing, language, social standing, and other factors are lost in the heat of battle. Sports provide a framework where nothing matters except the outcome and thus it is one of the ultimate forms of escape, relaxation and entertainment, hence the popularity of sports in all its forms. And in order to produce a winning Club, management must have star athletes. Not just the Dave Beckham’s, but also an exceptional supporting cast as well to see them through the many competitive battles that are a part of a season long campaign. Chapter 2 – The English Football Clubs Founded as the English Football League in 1888 by Scotsman William McGregor, the ‘League’ actually had been in competing since 1872 as tea Cup encompassed Scottish as well as English Clubs. Mar. McGregor was astute enough to see that the game needed to be formalized in terms of rules and regulations to provide a structure for the nonprofessional comprising the sport at that time. He also understood that formulating method to generate income for the Clubs that would provide the foundation to compensate the players. Acting in a role that in today’s terms would be equated to being a commissioner, Mar. McGregor’s vision culminated in the League starting with twelve Clubs with Preston North End becoming the first championship team . The League’s popularity resulted in a Second Division being formed in 1892. During the four years from the League’s formation additional teams were added with three different teams winning the FA Cup. The Blackburn Rovers took the championship title in 1890 and 1891. The League’s popularity with fans was evidenced by its growth from the initial twelve (12) teams to a total of forty-two (42) Clubs and three(3) divisions by 1922. Competitive balance in the League was shown over the twenty-six (26) years from 1893 to 1922 as no Club repeated as a back-to-back League champion during that time span. Aston Villa won the title four times (1895, 1897, 1905 and 1913), Sheffield United prevailed in three (3) championships, and just two (2) other clubs won twice, the Wolverhampton Wanders and Tottenham Hotspur. Fifteen (15)other Clubs from the League’s total of forty-two (42) took the FA Cup once. The preceding meant that nineteen Clubs out of the total of forty-two (42) won championships or 45%. The preceding parity fueledfurther expansion and the League grew to ninety-two (92) Clubs by1950. The competitiveness within the League was the source of fan popularity as two (2) Clubs, the Bolton Wanderers and Arsenal captured the League title three (3) times, with Newcastle United taking home the crown twice. In the twenty-two (22) years between 1923 and 1950fourteen (14) other Clubs won the FA Cup once again showing parity in the League. Between 1951 and 1989 fan support and interest in the League continued to grow as competitiveness kept pace with expansion, and the new Clubs as well as those that had been in the League for some time. This thirty-seven (37) year period saw the following multiple championships; CLUB NUMBER OF FA CUPS Tottenham Hotspur 5 Manchester United 4 Newcastle United 3 West Ham United 3 Liverpool 3 Arsenal 2 Manchester City 2 Fifteen Clubs won singular titles during this period and the League was enjoying unprecedented popularity. One of the key reasons for the appeal of the sport during the periods indicated is â€Å"competitive balance†. When there is uncertainty on the part of fans as to which team will prevail during the regular season match-ups, this sparks heightened fan interest in each contest. The outcome from matches in which their teams play is also affected by how key competitors play in their match-ups with other teams which also affect the standings. This uncertainty means that fans will tune into or attend more regular season matches, and not just those where their particular team is playing a potential contender, but those matches where their team is playing just about anyone. The preceding is true because when there is competitive balance no team is really out of the championship running, and most certainly not out of any match. Parity makes almost each and every game important in terms of the standings and a team’s rankings toward the championship game. The foregoing means increased gate receipts at stadiums and higher advertising rates as well as merchandise and ancillary revenues. Even with the fairly balanced championship appearances a number of clubs have not been able to compete at the top tier level thus eroding the interest of their fans as these Clubs are seemingly ‘cannon fodder ‘with nothing to play for as the stronger teams keep them relegated tithe mid or bottom tiers. The play-off system, which was introduced at the end of the 1986-87 campaign helped to provide more teams with something to shot for. However, with the twenty (20) of the strongest teams leaving in 1992 and forming the new Premier League this left seventy-two (72) Clubs split evenly in three (3) divisions, but the competitive factor was on a lower level. In the twelve (12) years since the breakaway the Premier League is suffering from dominance by a few teams, rather than the hoped for closer competitive balance. A. Parity The formation of the Premier League has placed those Clubs in the position of reaping higher revenues as a result of their being in the â€Å"class† league representing the best teams. One of the offshoots of its formation was it siphoned off fans from other lesser teams by creating secondary ‘favourite’ team even though a particular Premier League Club might not be located in their city. Fans are known to switch allegiances and adopt teams when their city or favourite is continually â€Å"out of the running†. Banking on a heightened percentage of close and meaningful games to induce increased fan interest in these matches to generate higher revenues per match was one of the underlying strategies to enrich the ‘class’ Clubs of the Premier League. And finally, simple mathematics in that fewer Clubs negotiating for advertising contracts means more revenue per Club. In Chapter Three we will examine the ramifications of broadcast revenue sharing, the timing of the Premier League breakaway in relationship to new technologies in television broadcasting (cable / satellite) along with subsequent developments. The breakaway strategy made sense, unfortunately the Clubs did not cooperate in bring this to further heighten fan interest by competitive balance. By cooperation, it is meant that certain teams have emerged as consistent winners, with two (2) teams dominating and another two (2)breaking in to win championships when the powerhouses faltered. Since the 1992 breakaway season the following Clubs have taken the Premier League crown: CLUB NUMBER OF FA CUPS Manchester United 4 Arsenal 4 Liverpool 2 Chelsea 2 Everton 1 The foregoing means that five (5) Clubs out of twenty (20), or 25% have owned the title in the twelve (12) years the League has been inexistence. Not exactly parity! One of the main contributing factors to the preceding is revenue. The top Clubs since 1987 have enjoyed a disproportionate increase in income as a result of their success in championship matches thus enabling them to garner sponsorships, additional revenues from merchandise sales and thus the funds to lure top-flight athletes and a supporting cast. The dominance shown by Clubs in both the Premier League and English Football League Division One has manifested itself in financial clout due as a result of the foregoing and thus the gap continues to widen. The success of the Premier League can be seen in economic terms and the explosive growth. B. Attendance Parity has a direct correlation with attendance and fan interest. The domination of the Premier League by Manchester United and Arsenal, along with the multiple championships by Tottenham Hotspur (5),Newcastle United (3), West Ham (3) and Liverpool (3) has left more than sixty present (60%) of all clubs without a title in its 116 years of existence. From 1888 through 1987 the English Football League enjoyed explosive growth that started to tail off due to the breakaway of the Premier League Clubs and their rising national and international successes, as well as domination in the English Football League by relatively small cadre of teams. Today’s media realities have aided to further widen the competitive gapes a result of cable television deals and lucrative title matches that reward the dominant Clubs with additional revenues. The revenue gap the Premier League enjoys has enabled it to garner top players to strengthen their competitive advantages and perform exceptionally well in international matches. The English Football League’s current day format of â€Å"First – Second – Third and Fourth Divisions† (introduced in1958) has helped to bring Divisional Championships to a wider spectrum of Clubs however, the top Clubs maintain a stranglehold on the FA Cup. The system does promote those Clubs from the lower divisional levels through a system of points based upon standings and finish. This format has aided in fan interest to a degree as the seventy-two (72) Club league Playoff format encompasses a large contingent of Clubs and provides multiple Divisional championships. Club and League management, cognizant of parity and attendance issues(as well as revenue, costs and wages which will be discussed in latter sections), have taken varied actions to maintain and boost attendance. One measure has been the investment in new stadium facilities. Our modern day exposure to all manner of outside stimuli and influences through television, the movies, magazines and other media has spoiled us with regard to expectations. We are consistently being provided with images of new this and new that. From residences to office buildings, furnishings, clothes, and other manifestations, we love new things! Regardless that this is an outgrowth of marketing and commerce, people have always gravitated to what is new. League Clubs, in an effort to maintain as well as renew interest in their current fan base, also recognize the need to cultivate and attract new fans to fuel growth. New stadium facilities provide a sense of excitement and assist in: 1. Pre-Stadium Public Relations The idea for a new stadium creates ‘public buzz’ when the Club announces it is either considering or planning a new facility. The media coverage concerning all manner of stadium questions and concerns over the need for a new structure, its location, how it will impact upon the local economy and environment, how it will be financed, the design, cost and associated aspects creates months of media coverage. In the back rooms management creates strategies and plans to garner support and financing, and this enweaves like a long movie in the press. 2. On-going Media Coverage Regardless of whether the new stadium is truly needed or not, opposition voices help to provide additional media articles, other sides to the issue and comment. The Hollywood adage that there is no such thing as bad publicity still holds true. The Club is in front of its public! 3. Fan Interest It is difficult to conceive of a fan that does not secretly long to attend a match in a new stadium. Advances in today’s building techniques, materials, technological innovations such as giant screens, computer enhancements and designs all serve to fuel inner fires. Attending a match is entertainment, and who among us does not like to visit the newest movie theatre, test drive a new car, look at new homes, and window shop for clothes! Whether for or against, the proposal of a new stadium excites imaginations. 4. Attraction New facilities create attraction for fans and non-fans to visit the new stadium to examine and enjoy is accoutrements, even if it is only to drive by and experience it first-hand. New concessions, seats, viewing angles, scoreboards and big screen replays, help to induce fans to attend and come back to enjoy the facility, as well as to see and be seen. 5. Player Inducement Like it or not, soccer players tend to be spoiled prima donnas! In their defines, it does take a special type of personality as well as mindset to be a professional athlete and face the accolades along with public criticisms that accompany the glory. Identifying raw new talent for the League is a science of hit and miss, so most Clubs stock their teams by obtaining proven performers at the commensurate cost. The size of the contract offer is of course the primary inducement, but the type and newness of facilities does not hurt negotiations. The factors that aid in securing talent are as varied as the players themselves, thus those Clubs that are successful try to account for as many of these variables as possible. 6. External Media Influence The prospect of, as well as newly built facilities receive extensive media coverage in rival cities, sparking the question â€Å"why not us†, along with promoting the Club’s name. Fans from opposing teams tend to visit the stadium when their teams match up where in the past this might not have been a consideration. The allure of new stadium has been manifest by the number of Clubs that have completed or are starting new facilities and/or upgrading existing ones to address the appeal of this area. Interestingly this is being done in spite of the financial difficulties faced by most teams. The2001 / 2002 season saw a 12 million GBP increase in stadium investment over 2000 / 2001 (GBP 47 million and GBP 35 million respectively) Over the course of the previous ten (10) years this figure is in excess fob 400 million. The popularity of both Leagues are reflected in attendance figures, aided by cable television sparking match interest which approximated 27.8 million representing the highest level in thirty (30) years. More importantly English League figures have showman 8.5% increase over the 2000 / 20001 season and has increased 35%since the 1992 Premier League formation. The Premier League is still setting records, with attendance increases for the sixth consecutive campaign, and an average of 34,324 fans coming to matches, a rise of1,500 over 2000 / 20001. As one would imagine the First Division of the English Football League lead other Divisions in average stadium capacity recording 68% as compared against 47% for the Second Division and 42% for the Third Division. In spite of this 12 million seats remained empty. Cup attendance continued its upward trend by 12.2%. C. Operating Costs Increased attendance and additional television revenues are League bright spots (both the English and Premier), even in the face of a lack of parity. The costs of competing, however is another matter. To remain competitive or become competitive is the number one objective, and whenever too much demand chases after a limited number of players, the laws of supply and demand escalate. The major expense item negating operating profits is player salaries. During the 2000 / 2001 season twenty-seven (27) Clubs recorded Balance Sheets showing a negative. Seventeen (17) Clubs filed reports showing operating insolvency during2003 / 2003 as a result of escalating wage costs. The competition for star players to create match day impacts and bolster attendance has proven to be a defeating proposition that the League has addressed by new regulations which limits Clubs to spend no more than 75% of their total revenues in this area. Spiralling wage costs received a huge dose of sanity when the League’s TV Digital deal failed. These revenues were providing the Clubs with the needed extra budgetary room to close the gap between the League and the Premier Clubs. This development along with insolvency issues helped to bring about the wage cap (75%) modification to enable Clubs to get a grip on fiscal matters. With no new deals of the same financial magnitude to replace this lost revenue, the League consensus is that broadcast funds will remain flat, for now. And the damage, in terms of this lost revenue affects the lower ranked Clubs more as a result of their limited gate, merchandising and sponsorship opportunities, and Isa huge blow to financial stability. In addition, the lower ranking Divisions will have difficulties in appealing to advertisers thus further widening the revenue disparity. The pressure on the League and its Clubs to generate additional revenues is further exacerbated by the continued success of the Premier League in generating increased revenues, as well as the ability of its Clubs to obtain additional talent. And with the high wage costs for players in the Premier League, the added revenues from their cable deals a boon in aiding costs. Chapter 3 – Revenues Individual Club revenue is primarily generated from broadcasting, gate receipts and sponsorship / merchandising agreements. The differences in incomes as negotiated by the top level Clubs in relationship to lower level teams, even in the face of the new wage cap arrangement, will essentially not do anything to change the huge revenue gaps. The English Football League Division 1 Clubs in order to compete with the clout and financial muscle of the Premier League need to significantly increase their revenue streams on a League and Club basis in order to make some inroads on their dominance. The financial gulf between the Second, Third and Fourth Divisions is considerably larger concerning their respective abilities to improve upon this situation in view of their less marketable product. Marketability in this sense means the image the Clubs have cultivated and have with the general public in terms of viewer interest in seeing them perform. This translates into higher gate receipts and audience interest in televised games. Demand for stadium seats permits a Club to charge higher ticket prices as well as obtain in stadium banner advertising. The overall heightened public awareness, interest and television audiences also mean higher name recognition and thus puts an additional premium on merchandise sales and licensing deals. And while the general public rarely thinks about the commercial side of the product, the Leagues, Clubs, advertisers, sponsors, broadcast networks and financial backers do! Television is a mass medium that provides tremendous opportunities to reach the public and influence their thinking, as well as loyalties. The marketing of a Club goes beyond short term thinking, it follows the same pattern as all other marketing. Advertisers, which in a sense is what a Club does every match it plays, seek to influence the loyalty, behaviour and interest of all age groups. This includes those that are future customers – children and teenagers. How many times have you seen the latest craze among these groups wear the gear of losing teams! Certainly there are those that do, but, historically, these age groups are more concerned with associating with winners. The family tradition of supporting the hometown team is a product of past eras. The winning teams of today are marketing to the customers of tomorrow, as well as those of the present through winning, exposure, merchandising, television broadcast time, media buzz and appeal of star players along with the overall success of its operations. Just like in any other industry, be it vehicles, clothes, airlines, or a restaurant, the reputation for consistent quality over the long haul wins future customers. Not everyone can afford a Rolls but almost everyone would like one. A survey conducted by Silverman concerning ticket prices reveals that just 18% of the Clubs in Division 1 believe ticket revenue will increase to any appreciable degree over the coming two seasons. The optimism of Division 2 and 3 Clubs is more subdued as only 15% and 8%,respectively, take this view concerning gate prices. On average, attendance has run lower than Club projections with the continued success and dominance of the Premier League not contributing to help this area. Ticket sales in ‘that other League’ have continued to rise six seasons in a row even in the face of higher prices and reduced competitiveness. The lower level teams in the Premier League have also increased prices, but in their cases this strategy has resulted in either stagnant or lower attendance numbers. A. Broadcast Revenue The origin of the English Football League’s formation in 1888 was based upon organizing amateur Clubs that had been formed by voluntary associations, and local neighbourhood organizations as well as churches and companies, so that matches could be arranged. The rules varied and the sport was in the ‘rough and tumble’ mode whereby violent play was commonplace. Clubs such as Manchester United, West Ham and a few ot